Xcom 285 Appendix C free essay sample

Axia College Material Appendix C Cross-Cultural Communication Matrix Use the grid to finish the nation data. Compose 3-4 sentences for every thing. †¢ Access the Business Around the World data by getting to http://www. mhhe. com/business/buscom/bcommonline/†¢ Select three districts of the world to investigate by tapping the guide on the lower-left corner of the page. Select one nation from every locale you decided to investigate. Enter your last nation determinations into the grid. The Web webpage furnishes you with a solid beginning stage. You may likewise need to play out a general Internet search to discover extra data. †¢ Include APA-designed references on a different page. Diverse Communication | |Country |Preferred Communication Style |Nonverbal Communication Practices |Business Communication Norms |Strategies to Increase Cross-Cultural | |Communication | |Brazil |Preferred correspondence would be |Personal space and standard to give a gift|Stay formal and utilize a more slow pace in |Using an interpreter will guarantee | |face-to-confront relationship. We will compose a custom exposition test on Xcom 285 Appendix C or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Body |is a decent nonverbal practice. |negotiation contrasted with the US. Time |communications. Expect a postponement in view of | |language is significant. Talk gradually | |zone is a trouble. Business can |the distinctive time regions and be prepared to | |without slang. | |discussed during supper. |compensate for them. Examination what their | |holidays and what customs they follow. |Russia |Preferred correspondence would be |They spare the grins for genuine companions and |Very little business connections | |face-to-confront relationship. Body |family. They seem to be contentious |they keep everything business. Can take | |language is significant. Talk gradually |and distant. |weeks to get answer to an email or| | |with out slang. | |a call. | |Greece |Preferred correspondence would be |Handshakes are for people. Endowments are|Their business patterns are like | |face-to-confront relationship. Body |not important. |US. Going to the gatherings punctually,| | |language is signific ant. Talk gradually | |is suggested. | |without slang. |

Analaysis of I think therefore I Err Epistemology cognition Essay

Analaysis of I think accordingly I Err Epistemology perception - Essay Example Then again, the last is what is esteemed as important and helpful to the advancement of a given shrewd framework. These great blunders serve a practical job in the advancement of information and, thusly, insight. It is in such manner that Gigerenzer makes â€Å"the investigation of human blunders in exploratory psychology† as his essential worry in deriving the laws of insight (1). In his investigation, Gigerenzer protects a natural versus that of a consistent examination of psychological mistakes. In doing as such, he guarantees that a legitimate investigation ought not be based substance daze coherent standards. After tending to the previously mentioned issue, I will manage Gigerenzer’s investigation of the job of rationale concerning the operations of the human psyche and insight. In particular, I will concentrate on his case on rationale as â€Å"a content-daze standard for good reasoning† (7). In this, I will contend that his investigation of the job of rati onale as a simply syntactic and content-daze hypothesis is mixed up. Like Daniel Kahneman and Amon Tversky, I concur that not all decisions can be dissected by utilizing observational techniques, for example, testing and recurrence gauges, for such are â€Å"unlikely to light up the procedures that underlie such judgments† (589). Or maybe, I will contend that Gigerenzer ignores a significant part of rationale, that is, the intensional part of rationale. Thusly, I will concentrate on his explanation of encircling and invariance. In this paper, I plan to advocate the estimation of rationale from an intensional perspective. In doing as such, I will show that Gigerenzer neglects to demonstrate that the investigation of subjective mistakes in the light of sensible types of examinations neglect to unwind the laws of brain. Rundown In a segment entitled, â€Å"Logic and Blunders,† Gigerenzer contends against the situation of utilizing consistent speculations as an establishme nt for examining and contrasting the nearness of mistakes in judgment, and along these lines, neglects to characterize what truly â€Å"errors of judgment† are, just as to â€Å"open a window into the human mind† (4). At the end of the day, rationale doesn't assist us with comprehension and addition knowledge by bringing up our mistakes in judgment, rather; it obscures our comprehension of what these â€Å"errors† truly are, and in this way, neglects to open the opportunities for progress and development of the human psyche as a clever framework. Given this viewpoint, Gigerenzer gives a model in rationale to help his point, in particular, surrounding. â€Å"Framing is characterized as the outflow of legitimately proportional data in various ways† (Gigerenzer 7). Essentially, as indicated by the rule of invariance, â€Å"different portrayals of a similar decision issue should yield a similar inclination. That is, the inclination between choices ought to b e autonomous of their description† (Gigerenzer 8). Subsequently, in the event that various portrayals of a similar decision issue yield various inclinations, at that point it disregards balanced decision. Such infringement are considered as mistakes in judgment that ought not occur to any balanced individual. Gigerenzer gives the case of two different ways of saying the accompanying: â€Å"The glass is half full, and the glass is half empty† (8). Given the standard of invariance, these two plans ought not influence the decision of the individual in picking which glass to hand over. In any case, it was indicated that when requested to hand over the â€Å"half full glass, most members picked the already unfilled one† (Gigerenzer 8). The creator at that point guarantees that such a model demonstrates to show that two

Finals Study Break Catch Up With Old Friends

Finals Study Break Catch Up With Old Friends Its the beginning of Finals Week and every Illini is probably busy hitting the books at any of U of Is great libraries. Ha, thats not me when I study though. Im not too worried when I study since its easy to concentrate in many of the libraries, especially the Undergraduate Library, fantastically located next to the Main Quad. Theres a Quiet Floor which enables me to have 100% concentration when I study. However, when Im not hitting the books and studying for my upcoming Advertising and Sociology final, I figured it was time for a study break. The great thing about Finals time here on campus is that there are tons of unstructured free- time for a nice study break. I decided to use my study break to the fullest and catch up with some old friends I actually met at Weston, a University Housing Dorm located in the Ikenberry Commons (which I totally recommend living there by the way!). Its a Learning Living Community, specifically for DGS students to explore majors! Anyways, I decided to reach out to my old friends from Weston Hall, Melanie and Julie. I was hungry for lunch and so were they. We decided to take advantage of what Green Street had to offer. Were very fortunate for Green Street as it has a ton of nice restaurants with delicious food. We decided Panera was a great place to catch up on how our years were and plans for the Summer. The campus may have 40,000 students, but its easy to make and maintain friends. Ive been friends with these girls for over a year and times like these make me thankful I lived in Weston and ultimately the U of I. Now its time for me to go back to studying! Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

Development Of Aging Or Mid Life Crisis - 863 Words

There will come a time when one has to come to terms of aging or mid-life crisis. According to Weaver (2009) the major psychological changes occur in childhood. The author also noted that Freud also mentioned that all stages of the psychosexual development are also completed in early childhood (pp.69). Freud and Freud also had differences when it referred to coming of age (Weaver, 2009). Jung saw mid-life not as a crisis, but put the emphasis on growth and maturation (pp.70). Most of the clients that Freudians seen were experiencing neurosis, this put a different perspective on their adjustment to life, while Jung’s patients were socially adaptable (Weaver, 2009). Jung did not see mid- life crisis of balancing the self, social world with a deepening meaning. Jung thought that people of mid-life, were developed, one side, of their life, and now lacks meaning (Weaver, 2009). Now the existentialist view was in contrast with the psychodynamic view and believed that people in this stage of life gravitating towards meanings and values (Frankl, 1967). This was evident of a study done in the 1960 at a Vienna Hospital; it showed that 55% existential frustration and half expressed life are meaningless (Frankl, 1967). Carl Rodgers had some similarities with Frankl’s perspective on mid-life crisis (pp.73). Rodgers looked at it from a humanistic approach, while asking existential question such as; What is my purpose? (pp. 73). Rodgers noted that the process of the coming of self isShow MoreRelatedMidlife Crisis1180 Words   |  5 Pageswe see the world mature. It is a commonly held view that the mid-life crisis is caused by the realization that ones life is half over. It is typically an emotional state of doubt and anxiety. Typically lasting between 3 and 10 years, it occurs between the ages of 35 and 50. This paper will offer an alternate view of the â€Å"crisis†, suggesting it is a time for growth and new possibilities instead of crisis and loss . Midlife Crisis: You’re Only Jung Once It is generally accepted that the majorRead MoreThe Middle Age Endurance1317 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 2015 Humanity s ‘Middle-Age’ Endurance ‘Middle-age’ is the term used to describe the time in an adult’s life between the ages of 45 and 65. More importantly, middle-age is an adult developmental stage. It is a time in which the adult body, and mind go through a series of changes physiologically, mentally, and emotionally. During their middle-age years, adults will exhibit signs of aging such as hair loss, gray hair, and skin losing its elasticity. Middle-age is also characterized by weight gainRead More Middle Adulthood Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesstage of life, middle adulthood. You look in the mirror and all the signs of middle age are starting to set in. You notice wrinkles, gray hair, flabby skin and you’re having trouble reading the menu. You begin to reassess you life. Are you happy with what you have accomplished in life so far? Do you have good family relationships? Is your career on track? Are you happy with yourself? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many conflicts with both men and women during this period of life. One conflictRead MoreThe Favorite Daughter Of The Kennedy1327 Words   |  6 PagesMaturing, developing relationships, and human development are simply a fact of life and affect everybody to a different degree. The topic of human development is broad due to the wide range of lifestyles and cultures. The favorite daughter of the Kennedy lineage, Kathleen â€Å"Kick† Kennedy experienced a rather unique upbringing considering both the era that she was born into as well as the elite social and affluent economic status that she was brought up in. Having lived during World War II, Kick hadRead MoreEssay about Male Menopause: Fact or Fiction?1336 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch does not show it affecting all men. In a womans case, she is biologically predestined to endure menopause. Her chance of escaping the most feared female phase of life is as unlikely as men ever attending Bryn Mawr undergrad. For men, there is a percentage that applies to male menopause, for females it is simply a fact of life. Lastly, the term menopause has been attributed to women for a reason. The prefix meno comes from the latin root menses which means menstruation, while the suffixRead MoreAging : More Than Their Stereotypes Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesAging: More Than Their Stereotypes As people continue to live life and grow older, it is inevitable that they will age. Aging has many effects on an individual’s physical health, emotional well-being, and cognition. Key developmental changes occur in vision and hearing; both begin declining as people age (Weiten, 2014). The deterioration of these senses can be seen in Young@Heart during the scene where a few members are joking around in a car. The driver was Lenny, an ex-World War II pilot, becauseRead MoreThe Mid-life Crisis Essay examples2258 Words   |  10 PagesMid-life Crisis 1 Mid-life transition can be seen as a difficult process because it is the point of our lives where we start to accept the end of our youth and begin the process of aging. For those who do not have a smooth emotional transition can suffer from a mid-life crisis. What is mid-life crisis? Someone who would be going through a â€Å"Mid-life crisis† is that of the age between 40 and 60(Development in midlife, 2004). It is the point during our lives where we go through periods ofRead MoreVision, Skin, and Diabetes Are Middle-Aged Concerns Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Age Adult Health Education When people first become aware of the gradual changes in their bodies that marks the aging process is usually in the middle-aged group. Many changes occur in this stage including physical and psychosocial concerns. It can be difficult at times for an individual to go through these changes. Nurses need to educate patients about these changes and the risks if not addressed. Being aware of the signs and symptoms and the resources that are available can help theRead MoreMidlife Crisis in the Article, Middle Adulthood Developmental Psychology1937 Words   |  8 PagesMiddle-aged adults experience change in many different areas of their life at this time, they will find that not only their health is changing, but their appearance, their family, their thinking, and their emotions are changes as well. When discussing people that fall into the middle adulthood age of life, the term â€Å"midlife crisis† is often used, but according to an article titled Middle Adulthood Developme ntal Psychology, â€Å"most people during middle adulthood are satisfied and pleased with theirRead MoreMiddle Adulthood as a Twentieth Century Phenomenon in Western Culture1727 Words   |  7 Pagesin Western culture. In 1900, the average life expectancy was 47 years, but now life expectancy has increased- people are living longer and more professionals are studying life during this age period. Between the ages of 35-64, there are vast changes in many areas of their lives. Stress is anything that causes a change in your body. The most obvious changes related to lifestyle in middle-adulthood include: physical development and health, marital status, family, career and

The Debate Over Essay Topics for Interview Pdf

The Debate Over Essay Topics for Interview Pdf There are scores and scores of various channels on the internet that dwell upon particular topics that might be linked to the creation of your essay. As you finalize your topic choice, be certain to settle on a process you've completed many occasions and you may explain to somebody else. There are a lot of approaches to find the info necessary for your essay. An individual should shell out a decent period of time as a way to figure out the intriguing elements about the subject. The essay provides you with an opportunity to reveal how effectively you're able to read and comprehend a passage and compose an essay analyzing the passage. Ethics essays highlight the deep comprehension of the writer. The ethical essay would likewise examine philosophical suggestions and see whether they have contemporary relevance. If you haven't been supplied a prompt to write about, you have to produce your own interesting creative essays. Narrative essay topics Narrative essay is somewhat different from different types. It's far better to look into the subject of your essay yourself. The illustration essay topic must be interesting. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Essay Topics for Interview Pdf Options The matter has to be directly addressed in the start to find the reader's interest. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. There is no purpose in writing an essay about skateboarding, which might be of interest to you but not necessarily the audience, if it doesn't meet the requirements and offer an engagement from the audience. The point here is to understand what you're going to write before writing it. Thinking up interesting speech topics is similar to attempting to learn something new. For instance, an individual may not perceive a situation as stressful whereas the exact same situation could be perceived as highly stressful by another individual. It's possible to experience such conditions. If you're in such a circumstance, we are here in order to assist you with the appropriate tips. Essay Topics for Interview Pdf Features Stress is connected to disorders like cancer and heart disorders. It has a number of immediate effects. It is not always harmful. It is a very common problem being faced today. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Illustration essays are written in order to spell out study subjects and offer interesting and picturesque descriptions. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points which you can counter to your own points. There are a lot of topics readily available today which form a fantastic foundation for the upcoming informative essay. Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. When the ethics essay is written by men and women that are knowledgeable and have good writing skills it's a near guarantee your grade will be helpful. Don't be afraid to get some excess aid to produce your paper stick out! An ethics paper needs a lot of time for preparation. How to Get Started with Essay Topics for Interview Pdf? So you don't actually need to locate a topic! Try out another topic and do the very same 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know you can readily write on. Now, to select the best topic, you must ask yourself how much it is possible to write about this issue. One more thing about your topics is they have to be stated clearly if they ought to be among the very best. After all, the GRE Issue isn't a test of knowledge as much since it's a test of how you're able to use knowledge however restricted to back your position. You merely must be in a position to be comfortable with a couple exa mples, and be certain you can effectively relate them to your analysis. To begin with, it's required to clarify what an illustration essay is. The introduction is also a rather important portion of your paper that you have to never neglect to write perfectly. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. The subject of your illustration essay must be concrete instead of abstract objects. The manner in which you formulate your argument heavily is based on the essay type. If you're stuck on how best to compose an example essay, you can adhere to a few basic actions to dig yourself out of the rut and compose an example essay that you are able to be pleased with. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the very same time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. Television is developing a new variant of culture The senior classes ought to be profiled Education for boys and girls ought to be separate Many men and women think the ideal way to travel is by car Activity is the sole approach to knowledge The significance of education is underestimated now. All parents ought to be asked to volunteer time to their sons' and daughters' scho ols. Some people today think that universities should require every student to have a wide range of courses away from the student's field of study. Occasionally it only appears simple, but lots of students forget about the kind of academic writing they need to stick with.

To Be of Use Free Essays

According to Confucius, â€Å"You should treat others the way you want to be treated. † Resembling Confucius’ golden rule, Harold Kushner’s â€Å"Shalom: The Quest for Integrity† talks about a man who did something good, when people didn’t think he would. While Marge Piercy isn’t writing about treating others a certain way, she is instead writing about being of good use. We will write a custom essay sample on To Be of Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harold Kushner’s text parallels Marge Piercy’s poem in the topic of being of good use. Due to the length of the poem, she talks about people being of use. Harold Kushner’s text talks about people who were useful. On Monday night December 11, 1995, the fire at the textile mill changed a city. Many people of Lawrence, Massachusetts, were worried about the economic impact from losing the textile mill due to the fire. However, the owner Aaron Feuerstein surprised everyone. People expected he would take advantage of the fire to move to a more profitable location. Feuerstein announced that not only was he going to rebuild the factory, but also workers would receive three months of payroll, even though there was no work. â€Å"Feuerstein is a special person, a man of integrity†, are there few people with integrity? Maybe is the reason Blanchard co-author the book called The Power of Ethical Management, â€Å"there’s no right way to do a wrong thing,† using the book as a plea to the business world. Directed to the people who do things to benefit themselves, but hurt others. Confucius states: treat others the way you want to be treated; ask yourself if you do harm to others, would you like it if someone did harm to you in the same way? No because many of us wouldn’t; many don’t think about the consequences, or if it happened to themselves, before they do something. People commit wrong doing, to benefit themselves. When I hear politicians and preachers condemning the sinful ways of society around them, I often agree with their criticisms, but I don’t hear the pain in their voices. † As stated in the text by Kushner, many people lead with falsehood, tricking others to believing that they are useful people of integrity, when in the end they really are not. Marge Piercy’s poem gives her opinion of people who are useful. In the first verse, she has a high regard for people who throw enthusiasm into the work they do. She compares the people who throw enthusiasm into their work, to water buffalo. That people who enjoy their work, with patience, will in the end receive good rewards. Rewards of satisfaction, the results of their hard work, are what they receive in return for tireless hard work. To Piercy, work is as common as mud; work like mud smears the hand. â€Å"But the thing worth doing well done, has a shape that satisfies, clean and evident,† says Piercy in her poem. Piercy’s poem is more of a collection of opinions, the things that make a person useful. What she thinks useful people are like. Piercy has high regard for people who give care into their work. In past experience, and previous knowledge, people who work hard are reward, they move up in life. However people who don’t have integrity, who do harm eventually fail from life. Many people, who are successful, love their work; they enjoy what they are doing with enthusiasm. Treating other with respect should gain you respect. Kushner discusses more about people who had integrity, who gave back, when no one expected them to. People who made themselves useful People who try to encourage people to be ethically positive. To change their tactics to help people not harm people. The benefits, and why people did the things they did. Then also the people who are false or true prophets. The people who speak true, but don’t adhere to what they preach. Piercy, on the other had in contrast, expresses her opinion, on the factor of people being of use, having high regard for people who love working, being useful and enjoy their work. That their hard work would reward them. Piercy’s poem contrast’s Kushner’s text, in terms of the directions they go. Kushner is indirectly talking about being of use but on the topic of people with integrity, and ethical standards. Piercy directly relates to the topic of to be use. The opinion of what she thinks people who are useful. How to cite To Be of Use, Papers

Views on Nike Brand

Table of Contents Introduction The Nike Corporation Brand Equity Brand Positioning Brand Identity Conclusion Reference List Introduction According to Wood (2000) the word â€Å"brand† refers to a sign, name, term, symbol or design or even a combination of them all with the intent of giving identity to the goods and/ or services of a single seller (or a group of sellers) and to give them uniqueness from their competitors. In reference to consumer- manufacture relations, a brand makes the source of promises given to the consumer by the manufacturer (Ahmad, Simmons and Clifton, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Views on Nike Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the same brand initiates the relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer in the first place. In addition, brand makes the perfect tool of name and symbols that are the unprecedented source of a company’s produ cts and/ or services. Furthermore, for a company to be successful and have a future, its initiator must be keeping a single concept within his mind; brand. Ultimately, brand can be best described as the sum total of a single customer’s experience with an organization. The Nike Corporation Guerrero (2008) describes the Nikes Corporation as the top- most suppliers of apparel and shoes. Such levels of success were attained by giving the corporation the most solid foundation; an appropriate brand. It is no doubt that the origin of the brand name â€Å"Nike† (from the Greek goddess of victory) has been a definition of Nike’s ambition to be a big success and take the sporting industry by a storm. There is always a brutal fact as far as branding is concerned; the business notion that exists in the mind of the initiator will either happen or stay in the mind, depending on the branding. Nike is a corporation that has absolutely used its branding to bring the business not ion in to reality. According to eHow (2010), Nike’s products include apparel, which are usually for sports and other activities like yoga and dance. Additionally, casual clothes for both men and women are also produced largely. Nevertheless, many people wear Nike’s clothes for purposes of association with the big brand name. Other products are equipments where mostly sports equipment such as balls, bats, and golf clubs are sold. Additionally, a number of accessories are also known to be from Nike’s products, for example watches, socks, bags and the like. Lastly, a number of stores are also known to be under Nike. There are many departments and online stores that are basically set up for purposes of selling Nike’s products. Niketown for example is the biggest store with many braches around the world. Additionally, there are many factory outlets that usually sell Nike’s products at a reduced price. Brand Equity Nike has over time gained the trust and loyalty of all its customers. This is essentially because the popularity and fame of high standard products and service delivery have added more strength to the Nike brand. Furthermore, Nike decided to peruse the production of apparel for an arena that is always kinetic and at the same time very dynamic; sports.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many sportsmen who would go for a Nike product would do it just for the purpose of getting sports attire or simply because their clubs bought the Nike sports products. Nevertheless, as a sportsman does well in the sports field, many fans are usually seen to want to associate themselves with the sportsman even in clothing. In this case, Nike goes ahead to gain the fame and popularity for the non- athletic crowd as well. Wood (2000) explains that a brand can be defined from either the perspective of the consumer or that of the manufactu rer. The Nike brand has seen a development in its image by thinking in the lines of the consumers and with a wide variety of products at hand. The consumer’s perceptions of Nike’s brands have totally been developed by Nike Corporation itself. Nike has made available a number of products to the customers so that the image that customers have on them develops positively over time. Additionally, by having their products diversified and internationally available their brand image has gained the better chance of being known and liked more than their competitors. Ultimately, brand associations are available in many different products for a consumer to choose from. This has been a major smart move by Nike. Nike has made steps to even produce accessories that are not necessarily sports oriented, such as watches and the like. In this case, even outside the attires of sporting, fans can still associate with their sports stars. As a result, Nike’s brand equity is developed to a high level, spread across a wide variety of customers, ranging from male to female, adults to children while at the same time keeping on customer loyalty. Such varied accessories give a variety of products for any customer to choose from whenever he would want to associate himself with the brand. Brand Positioning Nike brand has basically positioned itself within the international realm in a stronger and better way as compared to many of the competitors. The customer’s loyalty with Nike seems to have been worked on by the company so that even in the availability of other brands, more of Nike would be asked for. The smartest idea was the creation of a unique brand essence; â€Å"authentic athletic performance† so that any customer who would want to be associated with any good standards of athletics would be seen to be going for Nike. Additionally, the slogans â€Å"just do it† and â€Å"I can† have been recently translated from the previous slogan, t herefore identifying with more customers who would not easily engage in athletics; the brand essence is applicable to every customer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Views on Nike Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the Nike slogans give a very strong assurance to the customers, promising them of the best sporting apparel and the best accessories that can ever be. In this case, Nike’s brand promise has gained unprecedented followers, giving it a better position in the markets as compared to all its competitors. More so, Nike’s brand personality is definitely sporty and fashioned. All this descriptions can even be felt in their slogans. This brand personally is very much the way to go for today’s customer and therefore Nike has been a relevant brand to the current market. Brand Identity Nike’s brand identity can be looked at as simple but at the same time the most successfu l of all times. Nike’s brand identity can most appropriately be looked at from the brand logo. Nikes logo is represented by a simple tick. The tick gains approval from almost every customer. This is because, in the minds of the consumer, the tick represents the very best option, the answer to the most difficult challenge and the required go- ahead for anything. Therefore, Nike has gained major fame with all its customers due to giving itself a better image and definition as compared to all its competitors. Conclusion According to Marketing Teacher (2010) Nike has no factories but at the same time it is a global corporation. I definitely think, that a brand that has grown to the levels of international recognition and deal with such apparel and accessories should beyond any doubt consider venturing into setting up factories. This is due to the reason that factories ensure the delivery of products as specified by the company according to their most interactive observation of wh at the customers need. This will even ensure a better brand is made out of Nike. Reference List Ahmad, S., Simmons, J., Clifton., R. 2000. Brands and Branding. New York, Bloomag press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More eHow. October, 2010. Nike product Information Web. Guerrero, K. 2008. Nike Case Study Web. Marketing Teacher. October, 2010. SWOT analysis Nike, Inc Web. Wood, L. 2009, September. Brands and equity: definition and management. UK: MCB University press. This essay on Views on Nike Brand was written and submitted by user Malaki J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Looking At The Scope Of Multicultural Counseling Social Work Essay Example

Looking At The Scope Of Multicultural Counseling Social Work Essay Example Looking At The Scope Of Multicultural Counseling Social Work Essay Looking At The Scope Of Multicultural Counseling Social Work Essay Josie is an 11-year-old bi-racial kid who lives with her individual female parent. Josie has a history of acquisition and behavioural jobs in school. She attends a big suburban school and is fighting in 4th class. Josie can be a behavioural job in the place and community and has been referred to your bureau for protagonism services. She has been asked non to return to her association football squad because of her behaviour and is no longer permitted at day care. Her female parent s chief long-run end is to hold Josie remain in the least restrictive environment in the place, school, and community. ThisA problematicA situationA is associatedA with the range ofA multiculturalA guidance. Multicultural guidance is particularly of import in today s society, as diverse racial and cultural environment raises many jobs, which require cultural competency of societal workers in covering with jobs which arise in multicultural society, in the field of race, ethnicity, cultural backgrounds, civilizations, faiths and other diverseness factors. ( Erford, 2008 ) In the instance of a kid Josie who hasA behavioural problemsA andA jobs atA school, whichA may beA related to her raceA andA societal status.A JosieA goes toA big suburban school, A whereA asA we knowA there are many childrenA and adolescents fromA different households, A andA its environmentA isA usuallyA characterized byA great figure of struggles, since such school non merely createsA favourable conditions for multicultural instruction, but besides gives rise to serious struggles between members of different racial and cultural groups. ( Lynch, 1996 ) It is possible that two-race Josie has struggles with kids at school, her equals do non take her in their community, or badger a girl.A It is known that Josie is populating in single-parent household, which besides adversely affects her position.A Josie can see herself an castaway, non like everybody, may hold low self-esteem.A These internal jobs and struggles in the school with kids lead to her aggressive behaviour, noncompliance. In suchA state of affairss it is veryA of import toA find out the state of affairs at school and Josie s dealingss with other kids, to cognize relation of people who are close to her, or with whom the kid interacts. The primary measure inA solvingA the problemA will be to turn to a adviser, A a specialistA whoA will helpA to understand theA situationA of JosieA andA will determineA possible solutions toA the job with kid s behaviour. The chief undertakings of the primary support of the specializer will include the undermentioned: A To assist the kid understand his jobs, and assist him to concentrate on their resolution ; A Psychologically to quiet down the kid, leting him to yield, non to support against his bad feelings and emotions, to cut down the degree of unfavorable judgment against himself, aid to get the better of mental strain, shame about the state of affairs ; A If necessary, to show certain forms of behaviour to a kid as an illustration of human opposition to emphasize, self-denial, vision, logical analysis of state of affairss in life ; A Supply the kid with necessary information, which can increase his motive to work out the job ; A Provide advices and support kid s ain attempts to asseverate control over the state of affairs, to cut down his uncertainties and fright of the unknown ; To animate hope and advance the revival of the kid to self-awareness and willingness to cover with the state of affairs ; A To protect the rights and involvements of the kid, interceding in the negotiations with parents, professionals, organisations, aid in obtaining entree to necessary societal resources, etc.A Therefore, an pedagogue, or adviser, shows the kid how to decide the job, helps to cut down his anxiousness and increase self-confidence.A The chief aim of guidance is to ease the personal growing of a kid in a job state of affairs, that is, of his sense of position, the development of his ability to analyse and see life state of affairss from different angles, to be able to develop different schemes of behaviour and consciously follow them.A ( Erford, 2008 ) In order to supply qualified psychological support and aid it is necessary to cognize the psychological features of age periods and the major differences between the reactions of kids and adults.A These differentiations are non ever seeable, but are indispensable and can demo how the job is important for the kid, and how he reacts to stressful situations.A Advocacy of kids has several alone characteristics: foremost of all, the kid is dependent on his parents, to whom he besides normally really emotionally attached. Complex relationship of the kid and parents act upon his relationship with grownups and can present a serious job in supplying assistance.A When reding kids it is necessary to see the undermentioned distinctive features: A The kid is non ever able to set up societal dealingss within the equal group, to happen and maintain friends.A Child are dependent on the attention and protection of parents, who have the chief influence on them ( both positive and negative ) .A Child are non ever able to show complex feelings and discourse the general, abstract inquiries, or speak about certain topics ( tabu or traumatic subjects ) , so the advisor may suggest to depict the state of affairs in alternate manner, and should carefully choose words ; A In contact with others kids need to experience a positive attitude towards them.A Defensive reaction may be denial of ain failing, faulting others or circumstances.A it is necessary to keep contact with the kid s societal world and to demo that there are no simple solutions to complex problems.A ( Erford, 2008 ) The effectivity of psychological aid mostly depends on personal features such as teacher-adviser, as the ability to perforate into the emotional universe of another, empathy ( empathy ) , to supply emotional attention and support, a high grade of personal and societal duty, together with the desire to take duty, high societal intelligence, openness, communicating, emphasis. When reding kids the specializer must take into history the fact that kids can barely maintain focal point and control behaviour for a long clip, particularly when they have some emotional disorders.A That is why the adviser must be patient.A Making conversation with Josie, it is possible to use the traditional attack, so that start a conversation with the general open-ended inquiries, followed by contracting the focal point, or get down with specific issues, while go forthing the topographic point of choice.A The kid is easier to react to short specific inquiries about the events.A Thus, during conversation it is necessary to clear up the ground of Josie behaviour. Of class, the kid can non place and call a particular job, so it is necessary to allow him depict his feelings ( what he is concerned about? A what causes in him choler or fear? ) to clear up the emotional behaviour of the kid. Psychological support for Josie who is in a hard state of affairs, should come in analogue at school and at home.A The nature and way of such support must frequently be determined by adviser. Josie s parents should: A Explain to the kid the job in apprehensible signifier and friendly mode ; A To assist show Josie her feelings, listening to a kid without doing any judgements or critics ; A Make it clear to Josie that her feelings, cryings about something unpleasant is normal, anyhow she must seek to command emotions ; A If Josie is afraid, mother must demo that she loves her and ever ready to assist, to support her in any state of affairs. It is collaborative effortsA andA helpA ofA protagonism specializer, mothersA andA teachersA at schoolA would helpA to clear up the job of Josie, A and besides assist the miss to solveA it and better her behaviorA and acquisition.

Habits and Traits of Braconid Wasps

Habits and Traits of Braconid Wasps Experienced gardeners love braconid wasps, the beneficial parasitoids that so visibly and effectively kill their despised tomato hornworms. Braconid wasps (family Braconidae) perform an important service by keeping pest insects under control.    Description Braconid wasps are an enormous group of rather tiny wasps that vary greatly in form, so dont expect to identify them accurately without the help of an expert. They rarely reach more than 15mm in length as adults. Some braconid wasps are inconspicuously marked, while others are brightly colored. Certain braconids even belong to Mà ¼llerian mimicry rings. Braconid wasps look similar to their close cousins, the ichneumonid wasps. Members of both families lack costal cells. They differ in having just one recurrent vein (2m-cu*), if present at all, and fused second and third tergites. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HymenopteraFamily - Braconidae Diet: Most braconid wasps drink nectar as adults, and many show a preference for nectaring on flowers in the mustard and carrot plant families. As larvae, braconids consume their host organism. Certain subfamilies of braconid wasps specialize on particular groups of host insects. Some examples include: Aphidiinae – parasitoids of aphidsNeoneurinae – parasitoids of worker antsMicrogastrinae – parasitoids of caterpillarsOpiinae – parasitoids of fliesIchneutinae – parasitoids of sawflies and leaf-mining caterpillars Life Cycle: Like all members of the order Hymenoptera, braconid wasps undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The adult female usually oviposits into or on the host organism, and the braconid wasp larva emerges ready to feed on the host. In some braconid species, like those that attack hornworm caterpillars, the larvae spin their cocoons in a group on the body of the host insect. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Braconid wasps carry the genes of polydnaviruses within their bodies. The virus replicates within the braconid wasp eggs as they develop within the mother. The virus doesnt harm the wasp, but when the egg is deposited into a host insect, the polydnavirus is activated. The virus prevents the host organisms blood cells from recognizing the parasitoid egg as a foreign intruder, enabling the braconid egg to hatch. Range and Distribution: The braconid wasp family is one of the largest insect families, and   includes over 40,000 species worldwide. They are widely distributed throughout the world, wherever their host organisms are present. * See Insect Wing Venation Diagram for more information on the recurrent vein. Sources: Bugs Rule: An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitney Cranshaw and Richard Redak.Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Family Braconidae – Braconid Wasps, Bugguide.net. Accessed online April 4, 2014.Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera), University of Maryland Extension. Accessed online April 4, 2014.Braconidae, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online April 4, 2014.

US. foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

US. foreign policy - Essay Example n expert, Gilles Dorronsoro states that the Afghan government is now operating independently and there is a good chance that it can withstand threats from the Taliban after the pullout of American troops. In spite of this optimistic position, it is doubtful that the US can destroy the military power of the Taliban in less than a year. Ex-Taliban leader, Abdul Salam Zaeef states that the Taliban machinery is strong in recruiting more militants and it will not be possible that the US can use military force to exterminate the power of the Taliban in the short run. Observers like Zaeef and NATO have urged the United States to negotiate with the Taliban. This option also comes with issues. It is widely feared that the Taliban might want a compromise that will cause problems for the Afghan government after a US pullout. This possibility is confirmed by Zaeef who goes further to opine that Afghanistan after a US withdrawal will fare better under a strong dictator who will wield enough power to disarm and punish the troublemakers amongst the Taliban. In any negotiation, the Taliban are likely to demand for more control and a more Islamized country. This is dangerous because it can potentially lead them to stir up further power struggles that might destabilize the country. This makes negotiation a less desirable option for the US. Obama however states that America might be prepared to negotiate with the Taliban if they break away from Al Qaeda, renounce violence and prepare to abide by the Afghan constitution. American officials state that some central authorities like the Taliban leadership of Quetta, Pakistan are prepared to abide by these conditions. However, it is doubtful that the radical and younger groups will accept such demands prior to negotiations. The US might need a strong compromise to protect its interest and this entails the elimination of the Al Qaeda threat and the prevention of a possible civil war. For these two ends, America is prepared to

Comparison and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Comparison and contrast - Research Paper Example This is due to various reasons to be covered later in the paper. In this paper, we shall compare and contrast variations between the Twilight book by Stephanie Meyer and the twilight movie. The twilight saga is a series of young fantasy of a young girl who falls in love with a vampire. It was in 2005 that Stephanie Meyers published the twilight saga as the first part of the series in hardcopy. It was among the many nominations as the best selling book in the States. Later director Catherine Hardwicke adapted a film from the novel Twilight and released it on November 8, 2008 (Baptiste 10). The young seventeen year old girl, Bella Swan falls in love with a handsome young vampire, Edward Cullen. Their relationship is faced by many challenges due to the fact that Bella is human and Edward is a vampire. Edward has to fight off the urge to hurt Bells due to the blood scent (Meyer 42). There also exists a feud between the vampires and the wolves. In the wolf territory a young and handsome man falls in love with Bella too. But their love scene is dwelled more in the next series which is the new moon. In this first series, Bella finds out that she is in trouble from a vampire tracker, James. She attends a vampire baseball game and from that time James hunts for her blood. The vampire family attempt to save Bella from James, but finally he catches her. Later on they save her and kill James. Edward then promises to love her and take care of her as long they are together. It is a romantic young love story basically but with fiction about vampires. This is the saga we are going t o analyze the comparison of plot development of the book and the movie. Some reasons why the movies may be disappointed would be due to various reasons. There could be changes, omissions, additions and many more. In the Twilight movie a lot of things do not match along with the book. In most movies this is done to give the movie the proper length. This is especially the omissions of

Analysis of Land Consumption Rates

Analysis of Land Consumption Rates CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Studies have shown that there remains only few landscapes on the Earth that are still in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth surface is being significantly altered in some manner and mans presence on the Earth and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an observable pattern in the land use/land cover over time. The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use / land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population. Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the worlds forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority. Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of mans activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earths features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scales over time; such data also provide an important link between intensive, localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Therefore, attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of land use land cover of Ilorin between 1972 and 2001 with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place in this status particularly in the built-up land so as to predict possible changes that might take place in this status in the next 14 years using both Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Ilorin, the Kwara State, capital has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and developmental activities such as building, road construction, deforestation and many other anthropogenic activities since its inception in 1967 just like many other state capitals in Nigeria. This has therefore resulted in increased land consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of her land use land cover over time without any detailed and comprehensive attempt (as provided by a Remote Sensing data and GIS) to evaluate this status as it changes over time with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and also make attempt to predict same and the possible changes that may occur in this status so that planners can have a basic tool for planning. It is therefore necessary for a study such as this to be carried out if Ilorin will avoid the associated problems of a growing and expanding city like many others in the world. 1.3 Justification for the Study Attempt has been made to document the growth of Ilorin in the past but that from an aerial photography (Olorunfemi, 1983). In recent times, the dynamics of Land use Land cover and particularly settlement expansion in the area requires a more powerful and sophisticated system such as GIS and Remote Sensing data which provides a general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas than area photography 1.4 Aim and Objectives 1.4.1 Aim The aim of this study is to produce a land use land cover map of Ilorin at different epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built-up land and subsequently predict likely changes that might take place in the same over a given period. 1.4.2 Objectives The following specific objectives will be pursued in order to achieve the aim above. To create a land use land cover classification scheme To determine the trend, nature, rate, location and magnitude of land use land cover change. To forecast the future pattern of land use land cover in the area. To generate data on land consumption rate and land absorption coefficient  since more emphasis is placed on built-up land. To evaluate the socio economic implications of predicted change. 1.5 The Study Area The study area (Ilorin) is the capital of Kwara State. It is located on latitude 80 31 N and 40 35 E with an Area of about 100km square (Kwara State Diary1997). Being situated in the transitional zone; between the forest and the savanna region of Nigeria i.e. the North and the West coastal region, it therefore serves as a melting point between the northern and southern culture.(Oyebanji, 1993). Her geology consists of pre-Cambrian basement complex with an elevation which ranges between 273m to 333m in the West and 200m to 364m in the East. The landscape of the region (Ilorin) is relatively flat, this means it is located on a plain and is crested by two large rivers, the river Asa and Oyun which flows in North South direction divides the plain into two; Western and Eastern part (Oyebanji, 1993). The climate is humid tropical type and is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Ilorin Atlas 1981). The wet season begins towards the end of March and ends in October. A dry season in the town begins with the onset of tropical continental air mass commonly referred to as harmattan. This wind is usually predominant between the months of November and February (Olaniran 2002). The temperature is uniformly high throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature of the town for the period of 1991 2000 varies between 250 C and 29.50 C with the month of March having about 300C. Ilorin falls into the southern savanna zone. This zone is a transition between the high forest in the southern part of the country and the far North with woodland properties. (Osoba, 1980). Her vegetation is characterized by scattered tall tree shrubs of between the height of ten and twelve feet. Oyegun in 1993 described the vegetation to be predominantly covered by derived savannah found in East and West and are noted for their dry lowland rainforest vegetal cover. As noted by Oyegun in 1983, Ilorin is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Nigeria. Her rate of population growth is much higher than for other cities in the country (Oyegun, 1983). Ilorin city has grown in both population and areal extent at a fast pace since 1967 (Oyegun, 1983). The Enplan group (1977) puts the population at 400,000 which made it then the sixth largest town in Nigeria. The town had a population of 40, 990 in 1952 and 208, 546 in 1963 and was estimated as 474, 835 in 1982 (Oyegun, 1983). In 1984, the population was 480, 000 (Oyegun, 1985). This trend in population growth rate shows a rapid growth in population. The growth rate between 1952 and 1963 according to Oyebanji, 1983 is put at 16.0 which is higher than other cities in the country. The population as estimated by the 1991 population census was put at 570,000. 1.6 Definition of Terms (i) Remote sensing: Can be defined as any process whereby information is gathered about an object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it. Given this rather general definition, the term has come to be associated more specifically with the gauging of interactions between earth surface materials and electromagnetic energy. (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (ii) Geographic Information system: A computer assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (iii) Land use: This is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. (iv) Land cover: Implies the physical or natural state of the Eaths surface. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Meyer, 1999 every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. The use to which we put land could be grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging, and mining among many others. While land cover categories could be cropland, forest, wetland, pasture, roads, urban areas among others. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include other things such as human structures, soil type, biodiversity, surface and ground water (Meyer, 1995). Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either however is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affects biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that come together to affect climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, and Turner, 1994). Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forest and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion and crops near cities damaged by tropospheric ozone resulting from automobile exhaust (Meyer, 1995). Hence, in order to use land optimally, it is not only necessary to have the information on existing land use land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land use resulting out of both changing demands of increasing population and forces of nature acting to shape the landscape. Conventional ground methods of land use mapping are labor intensive, time consuming and are done relatively infrequently. These maps soon become outdated with the passage of time, particularly in a rapid changing environment. In fact according to Olorunfemi (1983), monitoring changes and time series analysis is quite difficult with traditional method of surveying. In recent years, satellite remote sensing techniques have been developed, which have proved to be of immense value for preparing accurate land use land cover maps and monitoring changes at regular intervals of time. In case of inaccessible region, this technique is perhaps the only method of obtaining the required data on a cost and time effective basis. A remote sensing device records response which is based on many characteristics of the land surface, including natural and artificial cover. An interpreter uses the element of tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site and association to derive information about land cover. The generation of remotely sensed data/images by various types of sensor flown aboard different platforms at varying heights above the terrain and at different times of the day and the year does not lead to a simple classification system. It is often believed that no single classification could be used with all types of imagery and all scales. To date, the most successful attempt in developing a general purpose classification scheme compatible with remote sensing data has been by Anderson et al which is also referred to as USGS classification scheme. Other classification schemes available for use with remotely sensed data are basically modification of the above classification scheme. Ever since the launch of the first remote sensing satellite (Landsat-1) in 1972, land use land cover studies were carried out on different scales for different users. For instance, waste land mapping of India was carried out on 1:1 million scales by NRSA using 1980 82 landsat multi spectral scanner data. About 16.2% of waste lands were estimated based on the study. Xiaomei Y, and Rong Qing L.Q.Y in 1999 noted that information about change is necessary for updating land cover maps and the management of natural resources. The information may be obtained by visiting sites on the ground and or extracting it from remotely sensed data. Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). Change detection is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of interest. Macleod and Congation (1998) list four aspects of change detection which are important when monitoring natural resources: i. Detecting the changes that have occurred ii. Identifying the nature of the change iii. Measuring the area extent of the change iv. Assessing the spatial pattern of the change The basis of using remote sensing data for change detection is that changes in land cover result in changes in radiance values which can be remotely sensed. Techniques to perform change detection with satellite imagery have become numerous as a result of increasing versatility in manipulating digital data and increasing computer power. A wide variety of digital change detection techniques have been developed over the last two decades. Singh (1989) and Coppin Bauer (1996) summarize eleven different change detection algorithms that were found to be documented in the literature by 1995. These include: 1. Mono-temporal change delineation. 2. Delta or post classification comparisons. 3. Multidimensional temporal feature space analysis. 4. Composite analysis. 5. Image differencing. 6. Multitemporal linear data transformation. 7. Change vector analysis. 8. Image regression. 9. Multitemporal biomass index 10. Background subtraction. 11. Image ratioing In some instances, land use land cover change may result in environmental, social and economic impacts of greater damage than benefit to the area (Moshen A, 1999). Therefore data on land use change are of great importance to planners in monitoring the consequences of land use change on the area. Such data are of value to resources management and agencies that plan and assess land use patterns and in modeling and predicting future changes. Shosheng and Kutiel (1994) investigated the advantages of remote sensing techniques in relation to field surveys in providing a regional description of vegetation cover. The results of their research were used to produce four vegetation cover maps that provided new information on spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation in this area and allowed regional quantitative assessment of the vegetation cover. Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanger districts, Hangana State in India. They observed that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts has resulted in the development of different land use land cover in these districts, an evaluation by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reserved forests. It is inferred that land use land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors. It has been noted over time through series of studies that Landsat Thematic Mapper is adequate for general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas. As a result, this reduces the need for expensive and time consuming ground surveys conducted for validation of data. Generally, satellite imagery is able to provide more frequent data collection on a regular basis unlike aerial photographs which although may provide more geometrically accurate maps, is limited in respect to its extent of coverage and expensive; which means, it is not often used. In 1985, the U.S Geological Survey carried out a research program to produce 1:250,000 scale land cover maps for Alaska using Landsat MSS data (Fitz Patrick et al, 1987).The State of Maryland Health Resources Planning Commission also used Landsat TM data to create a land cover data set for inclusion in their Maryland Geographic Information (MAGI) database. All seven TM bands were used to produce a 21 class land cover map (EOSAT 1992). Also, in 1992, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources completed mapping the entire State of Georgia to identify and quantify wetlands and other land cover types using Landsat Thematic Mapper â„ ¢ data (ERDAS, 1992). The State of southern Carolina Lands Resources Conservation Commission developed a detailed land cover map composed of 19 classes from TM data (EOSAT, 1994). This mapping effort employed multi-temporal imagery as well as multi-spectral data during classification. An analysis of land use and land cover changes using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map of Indonesia (Dimyati, 1995) reveals that land use land cover change were evaluated by using remote sensing to calculate the index of changes which was done by the superimposition of land use land cover images of 1972, 1984 and land use maps of 1990. This was done to analyze the pattern of change in the area, which was rather difficult with the traditional method of surveying as noted by Olorunfemi in 1983 when he was using aerial photographic approach to monitor urban land use in developing countries with Ilorin in Nigeria as the case study. Daniel et al, 2002 in their comparison of land use land cover change detection methods, made use of 5 methods viz; traditional post classification cross tabulation, cross correlation analysis, neural networks, knowledge based expert systems, and image segmentation and object oriented classification. A combination of direct T1 and T2 change detection as well as post classification analysis was employed. Nine land use land cover classes were selected for analysis. They observed that there are merits to each of the five methods examined, and that, at the point of their research, no single approach can solve the land use change detection problem. Also, Adeniyi and Omojola, (1999) in their land use land cover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, used aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, SPOT XS/Panchromatic image Transparency and Topographic map sheets to study changes in the two dams (Sokoto and Guronyo) between 1962 and 1986. The work revealed that land use land cover of both areas was unchanged before the construction while settlement alone covered most part of the area. However, during the post dam era, land use /land cover classes changed but with settlement still remaining the largest. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The procedure adopted in this research work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings. 3.2 Data Acquired and Source For the study, Landsat satellite images of Kwara State were acquired for three Epochs; 1972, 1986 and 2001. Both 1972 and 1986 were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface, while that of 2001 was obtained from National Space Research and Development Agency in Abuja (NASRDA). 0n both 2001 and 1986 images, a notable feature can be observed which is the Asa dam which was not yet constructed as of 1972. It is also important to state that Ilorin and its environs which were carved out using the local government boundary map and Nigerian Administrative map was also obtained from NASRDA. These were brought to Universal Transverse Marcator projection in zone 31. Table 3.1 Data Source 3.2.1 Geo-referencing Properties of the Images The geo-referencing properties of both 1986 2001 are the same while image thinning was applied to the 1972 imagery which has a resolution of 80m using a factor of two to modify its properties and resolution to conform to the other two has given below; Data type: rgb8 File type: binary Columns: 535 Rows: 552 Referencing system: utm-31 Reference units: m Unit distance: 1 Minimum X: 657046.848948 Maximum X: 687541.848948 Minimum Y: 921714.403281 Maximum Y: 953178.403281 Min Value: 0 Max Value: 215 Display Minimum: 0 Display Maximum: 215 Image thinning was carried out through contract; contract generalizes an image by reducing the number of rows and columns while simultaneously decreasing the cell resolution. Contraction may take place by pixel thinning or pixel aggregation with the contracting factors in X and Y being independently defined. With pixel thinning, every nth pixel is kept while the remaining is thrown away. 3.3 Software Used Basically, five software were used for this project viz; (a) ArcView 3.2a this was used for displaying and subsequent processing and enhancement of the image. It was also used for the carving out of Ilorin region from the whole Kwara State imagery using both the admin and local government maps. (b) ArcGIS This was also used to compliment the display and processing of the data (c) Idrisi32 This was used for the development of land use land cover classes and subsequently for change detection analysis of the study area. (d) Microsoft word was used basically for the presentation of the research. (e) Microsoft Excel was used in producing the bar graph. 3.4 Development of a Classification Scheme Based on the priori knowledge of the study area for over 20 years and a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use land cover was identified by a single digit. Table 3.2 Land use land cover classification scheme The classification scheme given in table 3.2 is a modification of Andersons in 1967 The definition of waste land as used in this research work denotes land without scrub, sandy areas, dry grasses, rocky areas and other human induced barren lands. 3.5 Limitation(s) in the Study There was a major limitation as a result of resolution difference. Landsat image of 1972 was acquired with the multi spectral scanner (MSS) which has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, whilst the images of 1986 and 2001 were acquired with Thematic Mapper â„ ¢ and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) respectively. These both have a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Although this limitation was corrected for through image thinning of the 1972, it still prevented its use for projecting into the future so as to have a consistent result. Apart from this, it produced an arbitrary classification of water body for the 1972 classification. 3.6 Methods of Data Analysis Six main methods of data analysis were adopted in this study. (i) Calculation of the Area in hectares of the resulting land use/land cover types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results. (ii) Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Analysis for predicting change (iii) Overlay Operations (iv) Image thinning (v) Maximum Likelihood Classification (vi) Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient The fist three methods above were used for identifying change in the land use types. Therefore, they have been combined in this study. The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of change between 1972 and 2001. In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1972, 1986 and 2001) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100 (trend) percentage change = observed change * 100 Sum of change In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year 1972 1986 (14years) 1986 2001 (15years) Going by the second method (Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis), Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when changes and processes in the landscape are difficult to describe. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of the immediately preceding state. Markovian chain analysis will describe land use change from one period to another and use this as the basis to project future changes. This is achieved by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which shows the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time period .The transition probability may be accurate on a per category basis, but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrences within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata (CA) was used to add spatial character to the model. CA_Markov uses the output from the Markov Chain Analysis particularly Transition Area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time period. In essence, the CA will develop a spatially explicit weighting more heavily areas that proximate to existing land uses. This will ensure that land use change occurs proximate to existing like land use classes, and not wholly random. Overlay operations which is the last method of the three, identifies the actual location and magnitude of change although this was limited to the built-up land. Boolean logic was applied to the result through the reclass module of idrisi32 which assisted in mapping out separately areas of change for which magnitude was later calculated for. The Land consumption rate and absorption coefficient formula are give below; L.C.R = A P A = areal extent of the city in hectares P = population L.A.C = A2 A1 P2 P1 A1 and A2 are the areal extents (in hectares) for the early and later years, and P1 and P2 are population figure for the early and later years respectively (Yeates and Garner, 1976) L.C.R = A measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city. L.A.C = A measure of change in consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population Both the 2001 and 2015 population figures were estimated from the 1991 and the estimated 2001 population figures of Ilorin respectively using the recommended National Population Commission (NPC) 2.1% growth rate as obtained from the 1963/1991 censuses. The first task to estimating the population figures was to multiply the growth rate by the census figures of Ilorin in both years (1991, 2001) while subsequently dividing same by 100. The result was then multiplied by the number of years being projected for, the result of which was then added to the base year population (1991, 2001). This is represented in the formula below; n = r/100 * Po (1) Pn = Po + (n * t) (2) Pn = estimated population (2001, 2015) Po = base year population (1991 2001 population figure) r = growth rate (2.1%) n = annual population growth t = number of years projecting for *The formula given for the population estimate was developed by the researcher In evaluating the socio economic implications of change, the effect of observed changes in the land use and land cover between 1972 and 2001 were used as major criteria. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction The objective of this study forms the basis of all the analysis carried out in this chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, charts and statistical tables. They include the static, change and projected land use land cover of each class. 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution The static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presented in the table below LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 2001 AREA (Ha.) AREA (%)

Analysing The Power Crisis In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy production of a state is the premier index of its economic system. For a state to be economically stable and comfortable, it needs to hold sufficient energy at its disposal. No state can get high economic growing without bring forthing sufficient energy. Energy production reflects the industrial end product, transit and agricultural end product etc. restricting energy supply to an industry adversely affect its end product, ensuing in higher production cost, due to which many industries shutdown go forthing labor unemployed. In Pakistan, the electricity burden casting is an alarming issue. The rush of rising prices is due to energy deficit in the state. Number of people populating below poorness line is increasing due to unemployment and rising prices, both of which are the byproducts of energy crisis. From the last few old ages, Pakistan has been confronting an unprecedented energy crisis. The ground being that it ‘s energy substructure is non to the full developed, deficient and ill managed. Despite of important addition over the last few old ages in the disposable incomes, increasing usage of power intensive contraptions, urbanisation and industrialisation which has caused the power demand to outpace supply, no serious stairss have been made to put in new coevals capacity. Consequently, burden sloughing has been seen as the common phenomena in Pakistan. During the last 10 old ages, Pakistan ‘s power demand has risen by CAGR ( Compound Annual Growth Rate ) of 5.2 % , while supply has grown by merely 2.2 % ( Pakistan Power Sector, 2009 ) . Presently, state ‘s entire electricity demand stands at around 19,000MW. Demand supply shortfall ranges 2500-4500MW depending on peak clip and season, ensuing in burden sloughing of 4-8 hours day-to-day and 8-12 hours during th e extremum summer season. In Pakistan, entire installed coevals capacity is about 19,754MW ( Exhibit 1 ) , of which thermal is about 12,500MW i.e. 64 % of state ‘s entire coevals capacity, but the existent available capacity is limited to 16,500MW due to several grounds: power losingss during distribution stage due to poor-quality transmittal lines, electricity ‘s larceny, low works burden factors due to aging generators and hapless care at KESC and WAPDA workss, lessening in hydel coevals capableness due to fluctuation in the reservoir degrees particularly in winter season ensuing in the deficit of 2500MW to 4500MW depending on peak clip and season.Reasons of power crisis in Pakistan:Lack of large dikes in the state. Decline in hydro beginnings of energy ( a cheap resource ) and over trust on the expansive beginning of electricity i.e. Thermal based power coevals. Soon, oil and Gas-based thermic workss histories for 68 % of bring forthing capacity, hydroelectric workss for 30 % and atomic workss for merely 2 % ( Exhibit 2 ) . Rise in the oil and gas monetary values pushes the electricity duty really high. Consequently, leads to high coevals costs, which in bend adversely impact the economic system. Lack of strong political leading in Pakistan, to convert and safeguard the reserves of people on the building of one of the controversial dams- Kala Bagh Dam and other non-controversial dikes like Kohistan dike and Basha dike. To bridge the demand supply spread, around 5,000MW of IPPs and rental workss are expected to come online between 2009-2012 ( Pakistan Power Sector, 2009 ) . Though the state is endowed with huge hydel and coal based power potency, it is yet to to the full work these resources and cut down dependance on oil based coevals.Coal as an alternate energy resource:Coal is presently the universe ‘s fastest turning fuel around the Earth. Estimates show that around 40 % of universe power supply and 26 % of primary energy comes from the coal entirely. China, being the universe ‘s largest manufacturer of coal, fulfil 78 % its entire energy demands through coal which ranks it as the universe ‘s largest consumer as good. Similarly, USA stands at 2nd place in utilizing coal, 60 % of its energy demands comes coal. Many states like UK, USA, Germany, India, Indonesia and Australia have embarked upon the new coal based power workss. But, unluckily, Pakistan holding the 6th largest coal militias in the universe, with over 185 billion metric tons of proved coal militias, has non been successful in using coal as an alternate energy beginning. It is estimated that 100,000 MW of electricity could be generated from merely half of these resources, for 30 old ages, if exploited decently and the Energy contents of these resources are more than the energy contents of Saudi Arabia and Iran ‘s joint oil resources ( Pakistan ‘s Thar Coal Power Potential, 2008 ) .Why Coal can be an of import beginning of energy?Some of the grounds why coal is of import for Pakistan future energy state of affairs are as under: Current Energy Crisiss: Demand for electricity has outpaced its supply ; the state is presently confronting power deficits ranges between 4500 to 5,000 MW and it is expected that demand would transcend supply by beyond 5,500 MW. World-Renowned Companies Already Operating in Pakistan: Around twelve Independent Power Producers ( IPPs ) are runing in the power sector of the state. Predictable Multi-Year & A ; Long-run Duty: Typically, the authorities allows a long-run duty of 25 – 30 old ages with the power buyer. The IPPs, therefore, are non subjected to market hazard for their end product. The undertakings are expected to gain an attractive / competitory and stable return on investing. Abundant Coal Potential: Pakistan is blessed with big coal sedimentations peculiarly in its Sindh Province. The Thar brown coal militias, which are suited for power coevals, in the Province of Sindh are estimated to be about 175 billion metric tons.Research Aims:The chief aims of this research are, foremost to analyze the development of coal based power undertakings in Pakistan, learn about the deepness and comprehensiveness of this country and seek to foreground the key challenges and hazards associated with the investing in power sector of Pakistan in-terms of environmental restraints ( both locally and globally ) , security issues, authorities and regulative restraints etc. And secondly the research will take to analyse the power coevals sector of Pakistan utilizing Porter ‘s five forces analysis tool and place the function of Coal fired works in this sector. Such analysis of industrial profitableness will enable us to place the countries that need to be addressed to do the industry more attractive.Personal Claim:The grounds of taking this research are, foremost the research worker personally has a acute involvement in energy sector of Pakistan. Second, the demanding state of affairs in the energy sector of state, particularly power sector is the premier incentive to make research on the subject ‘Development of Coal Based Power Projects in Pakistan ‘ . And in conclusion, the chosen country is new one as non much has been done in the coal-based power coevals sector of Pakistan.Outline of the Undertaking:Chapter 2- Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will look at the necessary research methods required to transport out the research in order to accomplish the research aims. In order to accomplish this I have looked at the counsel given in ( Saunders et al 2003 ) .3.2 Aims and JustificationThe aim of this research methodological analysis is to place the agencies of roll uping valid and dependable primary and secondary informations. It analyses all facets of the research methodological analysis.3.3 Research ApproachInductive and deductive are two types of attacks that can be used whilst carry oning the research ( Saunders et al 2003 ) . This research will utilize the deductive attack where the findings of the research will be used to look into the literature sing the fiscal state of affairs of Jessops. The deductive attack will let roll uping quantitative informations, and will besides help in making a hypothesis and a research scheme to prove the hypothesis. As in the instance of this survey fiscal theoretical accounts will be used. The inductive attack is where, from the findings and analysis a theory is proposed ( Saunders et Al, 2003 ) , therefore this attack will be used to prove the hereafter of Jessops.3.4 Research DoctrineSaunders ( et al 2003 ) , indicates there are three types of research doctrines that are interpretivism, positivism, and pragmatism. Positivism is where ‘the theory generates a hypothesis that can be tested and thereby will let account of Torahs to be assessed ‘ ( Bryman & A ; Bell, 2007 ) . The function of this research is to prove the theories from the literature, hence positivism will be used. Positivism besides strongly links with the deductive attack that will be used. Interpretivism considers that the universe of concern is excessively complex and is ever changing where definite Torahs can non be defined. Hence this method is irrelevant for this survey.3.5 Research StrategyI will choose the study method for my research. I will utilize a questionnaire which will let more in depth comparings. It is besides seen good to utilize this method as it is easy understood by people, other benefits of utilizing such a method are that it is most efficient in clip, cost, and flexibleness and will let consequences to be analysed with easiness, which is extremely applicable for this survey. The usage of a study will besides supply greater response rates from participants ( Bryman & A ; Bell, 2007 ) . The questionnaire will let me to place from the directors and fiscal departmental workers at Jessops to why gross revenues at Jessop have plummeted and will supply grounds for premises to look at the hereafter of Jessops.3.6 Data Collection and Sample3.6.1 Sample The sample size will be in entire 30 participants selected indiscriminately. All participants will be employees of Jessops, as this will let the research worker to derive valued informations because employees will hold a better penetration into the company. However the response was non a coveted 1 as merely 17 participants completed the questionnaire. However due to clip restraints non much could be done to get the better of this issue, even though the position of 17 participants was still considered of import due to their functions within the company. 3.6.2 Primary Data This research uses both primary and secondary informations. Primary research as mentioned above we be collected via questionnaires. The questionnaire will be aimed at current employees of Jessops of who are shop directors and the remainder of who work within the fiscal section. This is a critical sample for the research as the positions and remarks of the proposed participants will supply important penetration into what is go oning within Jessops, and will assist analyze their fiscal public presentation. 3.6.3 Secondary Data Secondary informations will be taken from literature ( i.e. diaries, books, articles etc. ) ; nevertheless another facet of secondary research will be company histories and studies. This will be critical as utilizing company histories and studies will let the research worker to to the full analyze the state of affairs of Jessops and will assist organize a footing in the hereafter of Jessops. The histories will besides enable the research worker to utilize the fiscal theoretical accounts such as Altman ‘s z-score theoretical account.3.7 Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire is seen to be an of import tool for research harmonizing to ( Naftali, 2001 ) , therefore the questionnaire needs to be precise, accurate and good designed. Naftali ( 2001 ) was used as guidelines for the design of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to achieve relevant informations required for the primary aims of this research. Hence the questionnaire was designed to maintain inquiries simple and to the point to have the coveted consequences. A transcript of the questionnaire can be viewed in Appendix B.3.8 Data AnalysisThe information from primary and secondary research will be analysed in many ways. The quantitative consequences from the primary research will be analysed utilizing Excel, whereas SPSS will besides be used to place relationships and correlativities between responses of participants to supply a clearer position on the research. The above methods including secondary informations will be presented diagrammatically where necessary utilizing graphs, tabular arraies and charts.3.9 Reliability and ValidityThe information was collected after with planning and due attention. The informations collected can be considered dependable hence the specified beginning of information was chosen. However the primary informations to an extent may non be dependable as participants may confabulate replies with each other. The secondary research can be identified as dependable and valid as all information was collected via company histories and studies.3.10 Research RestrictionsTime was a cardinal restriction within this survey as designing and administering the questionnaire ‘s required a batch of clip. Receiving all consequences was besides clip devouring as it did non give a clear thought on how many consequences would be attained. A longer clip frame would hold allowed countering this job.3.11 Research Ethical motivesAll research was conducted within the Lcmit University Research Ethics guidelines. The moralss declaration can be viewed in Appendix A. All participants opted by pick to take portion in finishing questionnaires and participant individualities were kept anon. to the highest degree.3.12 Alternate MethodsA possible method of deriving primary research that could hold been used was an interview. The interview method would hold allowed for elaborate analysis to inquiries and more preci se responses from the interviewee. The research worker did non utilize this method due to clip restraints, and besides the research worker felt the usage of interviews may hold resulted in more colored consequences.3.13 DrumheadThis chapter takes into consideration the methodological analysis that will be conducted in order to transport out the research for this survey. The following chapter will exemplify the existent findings of the primary and secondary research.Literature reappraisal:Introduction:Pakistan is blessed with big coal sedimentations peculiarly in its Sindh Province. The entire coal resources of Pakistan are over 185 billion metric tons out of which about184 billion metric tons exist in Sindh entirely ( Exhibit 3 ) . The coal sedimentations of Sindh are of Lignite which is suited for power coevals. The reported one-year coal production in 2003 was around 3.3 million tones ( Exhibit 4 ) . The immense coal potency of Pakistan can good be utilized in power coevals for su stainable socio-economic development of the state.Constitutional Position on CoalCoal is considered as mineral and under the ‘Constitution of Pakistan ( 1973 ) ‘ mineral is a provincial topic. The Provincial Governments are responsible for the development of coal. The ‘National Mineral Policy 1995 ( revised in 2002 ) ‘ focal points all activities and determination at Provincial degree while the Federation would supply needed support and advice to the Provinces to take up the challenge of accomplishing benefits from the development of coal resources. Some of the Fiscal & A ; Financial Incentives for Coal Development are discussed in Appendix 2.Why Coal neglected so far?Pakistan ‘s power sector is chiefly dependent on the thermal based power workss. Thermal coevals dissolution shows that gas fuel histories for 55 % of thermal-based bring forthing capacity, furnace Oil for 44 % and Diesel Oil for merely 1 % and Coal 0 % ( Exhibit 2 ) . It is a known fact t hat Pakistan has the 6th universe largest coal militias, but unluckily, coal has non been developed for power coevals. The research conducted by Tipoo Sultan ( 2008 ) indicates that in the past, many powerful transnational oil companies and trusts have been involved in understating the use of coal as an energy beginning in the development states, as they do non desire to see coal as the replacing of oil that they sell. Miss-perceptions about the coal public-service corporation have affected the authorities policies. The quality of coal and big sum of capital demand has make coal addition less importance in the development precedences. Second, the authorities has been failed to pull the foreign investors to put in coal based power undertakings. Few of the investors after being confronting immense losingss were forced by the authorities to discontinue their undertakings. For case, Zafar Bhutta ( 2008 ) , in his article â€Å" Sino Coal, Engro Pakistan to work on Thar coal undertaking † , reported that â€Å" Chinese Company, Shenhua was ready to construct the integrated excavation and power coevals composite at a guaranteed power duty of 5.75cents per unit but NEPRA refused to pay more than 5.34 cents. Chinese company packed its operations in Pakistan and went back to China go forthing no good mark for the investors interested in coal based power workss. † There are other factors, besides those stated above, that has added to the investor ‘s reluctance in the development of Pakistan coal resources. These are as follows: The foremost barrier to foreign investing is the provincial liberty over the coal excavation. A recent illustration indicated by Aftab Channa ( 2010 ) in his article: â€Å" Power workss at Thar Coal: Czech Republic unlikely to put 500 million euros † , is the WTC group of Czech democracy who are interested in puting atleast 500 million Euros at Thar Coal for coal-burning power workss of 300 to 600 MW but unluckily the response of Sindh authorities is non overpowering ‘yet ‘ . The Technical Director, WTC Group, Karel Galuska forwarded a missive to Secretary Coal and Energy Development Department Aijaz Khan on June 21, 2010 stating that: â€Å" We would wish to inform you that therefore far we have non received any information from you. We are get downing to believe that the authorities of Sindh is non taking ‘coal ‘ as a serious plus for its state and for work outing energy crisis in Pakistan. â€Å" ( Karel Galuska ) . Lack of needed substructure like roads, railroad lines, communicating webs, H2O supply, life support systems, community services and etc The policies of the authorities are non consistent. They alter with the changed authorities. There is Political uncertainness in the state. The Law and order state of affairs in the state was non favorable and still its a questionable fact. absence of modern coal excavation proficient expertness deficient fundss There is a quality concerns as good with the coal deposits found at Thar.Current SituationPakistan is a coal-rich state, but, unluckily, coal has non been developed for power coevals for more than three decennaries due to miss of substructure, deficient funding and absence of modern coal excavation proficient expertness. The Government is now seeking to advance and ease private investors in developing and advancing autochthonal coal for power coevals. The demand/supply projection indicates that power deficits appeared from the twelvemonth 2006, and has increased to 4,500 MW in the twelvemonth 2010 will increase farther if no steps are taken to convey in new capacity. In order to turn to these deficits, the GOP announced Power Policy 2002 which provided a set of inducements to pull the much needed investing in power coevals. The cardinal points of the new policy are International Competitive Bidding ( ICB ) and an accent on puting up power undertakings based on autochthonal fuel resources such as coal, hydal power and renewable energies.General Regulations sing coal-based Power Undertakings:The power policy 2002 lays major accent on the development of power undertakings based on autochthonal coal. Merely Provincial Governments are authorized to allow rentals and licences for coal prospecting and coal excavation to Private Sector and Public Sector companies or organisations. There is no function of Federal Government and Public Sect or to allow rentals and licences for coal excavation. Coal is considered as mineral and mineral is a Provincial Subject harmonizing to the Constitution of Pakistan. There was a job that when prospective investors got a excavation rental and had signed a MoU with the several provincial authorities, so such unasked natural site had to be considered. On designation of a natural site by the provincial governments, PPIB advertises coal natural sites for seeking proposals from investors ( see appendix-2 ) . PPIB can besides transport out International Competitive Bidding ( ICB ) after acquiring a bankable feasibleness survey completed. The GOP guarantees the footings and conditions of executed understandings, i.e. IA, PPA, including payment footings, which are maintained for the continuance of the Agreements for undertakings. The coal power bring forthing companies would be allowed to import works, equipment and machinery non manufactured locally, at concessionary rates. The power companies would besides be wholly exempted from the payment of income revenue enhancement and keep backing revenue enhancement on imports. In order to advance indigenization, the local technology industry will be encouraged to organize joint ventures with foreign companies to develop incorporate undertakings of coal-mine and coal-burning power workss with a cumulative capacity of at least 2000 MW by the twelvemonth 2015. The inducements for puting in coal based power workss in Pakistan are given in Appendix-2.How to continue frontward with coal-based power workss?The ordinance and processing of the applications by investors takes topographic point at the provincial every bit good as federal degrees. The measure by measure process is given in Appendix-3 ( Courtesy: PPIB ) and subsequent appendices.Requests for Proposal ( RFP )It is mentioned that the Request for Proposal ( RFP ) for an autochthonal coal-burning undertaking with capacity above 50 MW will be for an incorporate coal excavation and/or power coevals works composite. The particulars required for a undertaking offered for competitory command in a typical RFP ar e mentioned in appendix-4.Feasibility StudyFor integrated coal-mine and power coevals workss, the feasibleness survey will cover all facets of coal excavation and power coevals, including, but non limited to, coal militias, mine ability, hazards involved in excavation, legal facets of excavation etc. , besides storage/transportation of coal to the power works, operations of the power works on coal, necessary inside informations about the power coevals works itself and, above all, the commercial viability of the undertaking. The feasibleness survey may or may non propose a ‘Coal Supply Agreement ( CSA ) ‘ in such instance. For a stand-alone coal-based power coevals works, the excavation subdivision would non be covered in item. However, handiness of a sufficient and dependable coal supply for power coevals would be considered, besides other necessary facets. The feasibleness survey may necessitate a CSA even if the coal provider is sister concern of the power generator. S ome farther demands are as mentioned in Appendix-6.Evaluation of CommandsThe process is given in Appendix-6. PPIB will reserve the right to reject any or all commands without delegating ground therefore, and will non presume any liabilities or claims for compensation in connexion therewith. Once the command is accepted and tariff approved by PPIB, the successful bidder will be issued an LOS by PPIB against bringing of a Performance Guarantee ( PG ) in favour of PPIB, in the needed sum valid up to three months beyond the Financial Closing day of the month specified in the LOS and upon payment of the cost of the feasibleness survey to PPIB. Further stairss to be taken are given in Appendix-8.Power Duty:The development of a coalmine, constitution of coal-burning power works and transit installations to provide dependable coal for the incorporate undertaking of power works and mine, require significant investing. These disbursals are to be accounted for in the power duty in the signifie r of capacity and energy charges. The duty will be denominated in Pakistan Rupees Bidders will be asked to cite their duty in two parts: ( 1 ) Energy Purchase Price ( EPP ) and ( 2 ) Capacity Purchase Price ( CPP ) The RFP may stipulate the maximal per centum of overall duty for the capacity constituent The CPP will be paid provided the works is available for dispatched to criterions specified in the PPA. The EPP will be paid upon the sum of kWh of energy dispatched In order to guarantee sustained involvement of the patron during the full life of the undertaking, the amount of the EPP and non-debt related CPP ( computed on a kWh footing at the mention works factor specified in the RFP ) will stay changeless or increase over clip. The debt-related CPP watercourse may fit the loan refund watercourseEnvironmental issues and Pakistan ‘s coal based developmentFossil fuel power coevals is non environment friendly as its CO2 emanation contributes to air pollution and it has been connected with planetary heating. Soon, the emanation of gases like C dioxide, S dioxide, and N oxides, into the air is the lone pollution caused from coal-burning power workss. The chief ground for increasing usage of coal burning is because it is inexpensive and it plays major function in carry throughing energy demands. Since 1950, planetary concern over impact of nursery gasses has emerged into international ordinances for restricting CO2 emanation in ambiance. First international regulation pact in this respect was Kyoto protocol ( 1997 ) . It obliges 37 industrialised states to run into binding CO2 emanations marks. Footings of the dainty are such that globally there is bound to how much CO2 can be produced, and some states produce more CO2 than others. Those who use more than their bound can borrow C credits from states non utilizing their quota. Interestingly, USA recognizes the pact but it has non agreed to follow with the C emanation marks although it is a major dodo fuel consumer. Carbon recognition system under Kyoto Protocol requires single corporations to countervail their C emanation by either retrofitting the works to cut down its C emanations or put ining carbon-capture equipment to cut its emanations by a million ton, or purchase carbon beginnings from a C bargainer for a undertaking in a underdeveloped state like Pakistan. ( Exhibit 5 ) The issue of emanations control has to be decently addressed under Kyoto protocol. In the longer term one must besides maintain in head that CO2 extenuation initiatives down the route may go mandatary for the states like Pakistan excessively. This will add to the cost of coal power coevals as has happened in the developed universe. One must maintain in head that a typical power coal works generates 3 million dozenss of CO2 or 17 dozenss of C per megawatt and draws approximately 2.3 billion gallons of H2O per annum from nearby beginning while on land, whereas Sind which has 90 % of Pakistan ‘s coal modesty is earnestly lacking in the supply of H2O ; produces quicksilver which non merely renders H2O useless for human ingestion but besides for irrigation intent as good. Area of chance is that C beginning market is existent and major Bankss involved are involved in it. Entire C beginning market is about $ 6 billion ( Jan 2010 ) , and it is projected to transcend 50 billion dollars after the US joins C trading so Pakistan can profit from any C recognition potency in different industries. In 2008 Pak-Arab Fertilizers ( Pvt. ) Ltd. , earned $ 13 million through selling CER ( The Nation newspaper ) . Islamabad is establishing C recognition undertakings from beginnings runing from landfills to vehicles. Asiatic states have several CDM undertakings registeredChapter-3Proposed Strategy continue with the development of coal-based power undertakingsScheme is driven by lacks and chances inherent in a peculiar industry. To unearth these two variables the industry has to be scrutinized utilizing a scientifically established tool. In our instance we will be utilizing Porter ‘s five forces to analyse the power coevals sector of Pakistan and place the functio n of Coal fired workss in this sector. Such analysis of industrial profitableness will enable us to place the countries that need to be addressed to do the industry more attractive.What is an Ideal Industry?An ideal industry would be one where ; The dialogue power with buyer/suppliers is low. The competition is minimum. Substitutes do non be or even if they exist they are excessively expensive to move as replacements. Entry barriers are comparatively low. It will be interesting to see if the power sector of Pakistan has all the above mentioned factors to do it attractive for investors.Power Sector of Pakistan ( Analysis utilizing Porter ‘s Five Forces Model )Buyer PowerBefore we embark upon discoursing the magnitude of the power held by the purchasers in the power sector it is of import to first place the purchasers in the industry. Chiefly the purchasers of the power in Pakistan are authorities organisations such as WAPDA which has sole distribution rights of electricity in the state. WAPDA, KESC etc service as the jobbers between the concluding consumer and the power manufacturers. This means that though there are merely a few purchasers and logically talking the lower the figure of purchasers the greater their power but kineticss of the industry in Pakistan are such that the purchaser is vulnerable and power providers are at a much more powerful place. To authenticate this statement we need to look into the per unit monetary value addition of electricity in Pakistan over the last few old ages.Electricity Price InflationThe past four old ages data indicate that there has been a stable addition of 13 % -14 % in electricity duties on one-year footing. Two grounds seem to confirm this rising prices in duties ;Demand/Supply DynamicsOver the past few old ages the state has been bring forthing power at a steady rate without taking into consideration the one-year population growing rate of 2 % . This has led to a 4000MW deficit of electricity in 2009-10. ( Exhibit 7 ) This shortage in supply has led to a demand supply instability taking to hyperbolic duties. Similarly we may see the same scenario from a different angle. Harmonizing to the per capita power ingestion rates Pakistan ‘s rate is 464KWh which is 41 % lower than Asia and significantly lower than the mean rates of the universe. ( Exhibit 8 ) . The low per capita power ingestion rate is due to the fact that installed power is less than the needed power.Raw Material Price InflationThe 2nd most important ground for the uninterrupted rush in electricity monetary values has been increase in oil monetary values. ( Exhibit 9 ) . The above chart indicates that most of the power workss in Pakistan are thermic based and fueled by furnace oil. Similarly if we look at the tendency of furnace oil monetary values in Pakistan we see that the monetary values have been systematically on the rise. This addition in monetary values is reflected in the hyperbolic duties that are being charged by the pow er manufacturers. ( Exhibit 10 )Deductions of Low Buyer PowerMade the industry attractive for new investors. High costs to consumers have made the authorities incentives the power sector so as to pull to more investors. ( Appendix-9 ) New window of chances for workss based alternate fuels ( such as coal ) so that the consumer gets cheaper electricity. Since a larger ball of electricity is being used by industrial and commercial units the burden casting entirely in 2009 led to $ 210 billion losingss to the national economic system. ( Exhibit 11 )Barriers to EntryBarriers to entry be given to do the industry unattractive for new entrants. In stead of the power crisis being presently faced by Pakistan the authorities in its capacity should and it must get the better of any entry barriers to the industry. Three barriers to entry have been identified ;Capital Intensive SectorThe authorities is concentrating on promoting power workss that are based on alternate fuels such as coal. But the sum of capital required to put up a coal fired works is really high. ( Exhibit 11 ) Investors may be encouraged to put in capital intensive undertakings by supplying them with inexpensive entree to capital and high rate of return.Government RegulationsThe whole procedure of using for a coal rental country and so acquiring an blessing from the relevant governments for puting up a works is highly boring and clip consuming. The patrons have to take blessing from both provincial ( in instance of renting mine country ) and federal authorities ( LOI, LOS, PPA, IA etc ) . The authorities can cut down the elaboratenesss in application procedure by giving authorization to one organisation which could be PPIB to function as a interface between the authorities and the investors.Infrastructural Issues ( Coal power workss )Coal excavation sector of Pakistan is extremely developing. Right of manner to most mines is under developed. Most countries that have been advertised by PPIB are devoid of H2O. To get the better of these issues the authorities has to work manus in manus with the prospective investors. Some remedial actions that can be taken by both the parties are ; Use belowground H2O as a beginning of H2O. The authorities should supply grapevines to transport the H2O to the sites. Increased use of belowground H2O will do the excavation of coal easier. Bucket wheel excavators alternatively of shovels and trucks could be used to retain higher net incomes and achieve better efficiencies. ( Appendix-10 )3- Intensity of RivalrySome factors that contribute to the strength of competition have been listed in Exhibit-5. By analysing the nature of the power sector we see that about all the factors that must be at that place in an industry with intense competition are non applicable to the power sector of Pakistan. One major lending factor that reduces the competition is the intensely regulated environment of the power sector.4- Supplier Power ( Coal )As mentioned before since the authorities is be aftering on working alternate beginnings of energy to supply cheaper electricity to the consumer ; so an in depth analysis of coal supply in the state reveals the fact that about 185 billion dozenss of coal militias are still untapped ( Exhibit-1 ) . This is adequate coal to supply 100,000 MW of energy for 300 old ages. Since there are barely any constituted coal houses in Pakistan that can function as exclusive providers of coal to the power workss, therefore most of the workss will hold to backward integrate in to char excavation. Soon there are certain hurdlings in back ward integrating as the ordinances refering to char excavation have yet to be established by the authorities of Pakistan. Though our suggestion would be to border ordinances that encourage back ward integrating.5- Substitutes ( w.r.t Coal )There are several utility beginnings of energy available to char, nevertheless most of them require greater capital outgo as compared to char based power undertakings ( Exhibit-6 ) . Handiness of the replacements is besides limited as compared to the handiness of coal therefore doing the replacements unattractive for investings.